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An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. In the same fiscal year, 707,059.29 hectares under cultivation produced 6,169,279.99 quintals of oilseeds, an increase from the previous year of 4,970,839.57 quintals grown on 741,790.98 hectares. (2013). Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. Foreign Direct Investment Attraction Events, Services for U.S. Companies New to Exporting, Services for U.S. Companies Currently Exporting, Leading Sectors for US Exports & Investments, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Licensing Requirements for Professional Services, Improve income and livelihood options for farming and pastoral communities through increased productivity and competitiveness, Raise export of agricultural output and substitute imports, Make agriculture a viable and profitable enterprise through value addition, Enhance livestock health access and quality, Preserve animal genetic resources and increase pastoral research, Improve the development of animal feed and access to markets, Develop livestock specific extension package for each livestock type. An estimated 85 percent of the population are engaged in agricultural production. Social and ecological system dynamics : characteristics, trends, and The sector is dominated by small scale farmers that - Course Hero These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. Merkebu Getachew. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. At the moment, there are a few U.S. and foreign firms that have partnered with local companies in the milk business, which has considerable room for growth, as milk consumption is still very low. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum and barley) are the core of Ethiopia's agriculture and food economy, accounting for about Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. Agriculture >. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. However, the expected level was not achieved. PDF Ethiopian Agriculture: A Dynamic Geographic Perspective The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . The Structure and Performance of the Ethiopian Manufacturing Sector Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. Land ownership is also a complicating factor. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). A Review of Ethiopian Agriculture Roles Policy and Small Scale Farming Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. 3. [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. [5] Ethiopia's livestock population is believed to be the largest in Africa, and in 20062007 livestock accounted for 10.6% of Ethiopia's export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. [7] In EFY 20072008, the CSA reported that 17,827,387.94 quintals of pulses were produced on 1,517,661.93 hectares, an increase from the 15,786,215.3 quintals produced on 1,379,045.77 hectares. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. Major Rivers of Ethiopia | Ethiopia About Ethiopia - EthioVisit.com Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed What are the main characteristic of Ethiopian agriculture activities What are the main characteristic of Ethiopian agriculture - ECHEMI In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. Official websites use .gov It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . PDF Chapter 33 The Ethiopian manufacturing sector: Productivity - Soderbom As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. Examining the characteristics of stakeholders in Lake Tana Sub-basin resource use, management and Governance -- 21. Challenges and prospects of agricultural production and productivity - GRIN According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. Home [www.eiar.gov.et] These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. There was much debate as to whether or not these reforms were genuine and how effectively they could be implemented. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. Agricultural products account for . At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. Wubne, Mulatu. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics(Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/ Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. 2. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. SURVEY REPORTS - Ethiopian Statistics Service Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Agricultural equipment and systems, such as tractors, irrigation equipment, and grain handling Infrastructure like, silos, cold storage facilities, etc. Ethiopia - Socioeconomic Survey 2013-2014 - World Bank Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. They are boiled, roasted, or included in a stew-like dish known as wot, which is sometimes a main dish and sometimes a supplementary food. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. Agricultural systems in Ethiopia - ScienceDirect However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. As the economy grows and the population expands, consumer demand for certain types of foods is expected to increase. The agricultural extension system in Ethiopia: Operational setup But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. Section D. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. "National Statistical Abstract. Contract farming, cluster approach and land consolidation, Horticulture (irrigation and urban farming), Climate resilient sustainable agricultural development. The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture - ResearchGate Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. State farms sold their output to the AMC. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. Abstract and Figures. The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). U.S. Department of Commerce There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports.