358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R Unfortunately for this moral responsibility refuge, natural science has now scouted this cognitive corner. [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. How does a "cognitive miser" reason? 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] 29 0 obj 15 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB << >> /Tabs /S What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? >> Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. /CS /DeviceRGB They argue that people start the process of impression formation by >> ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. What percentage showed complete compliance? >> 20 0 obj /BaseFont /Arial 8 [240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. /CS /DeviceRGB /F1 21 0 R -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. >> -Examples: sports events. The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts 473480 . 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] ->paying an increase of the original price for extras /S /Transparency [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. In par-ticular, this need . -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. 3,000 & 10,000 \\ The nave scientist and attribution theory, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 09:14, heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making, JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology, "Likegoeswithlike:theroleofrepresentativenessinerroneousandpseudoscientificbeliefs", "Communicatingscienceinsocialsettings", "3MESSAGESANDHEURISTICS:HOWAUDIENCESFORMATTITUDESABOUTEMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES", "Thesocial-cognitivebasesofscientificknowledge", "Bats,balls,andsubstitutionsensitivity:cognitivemisersarenohappyfools", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.003.0004, Heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making. endobj <> The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. We'll bring you back here when you are done. . Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). >> /Font << /Resources << 23417270. free . /Font << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] "[13] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. << what effects does motivation have on hypothesis testing? Gordon Pennycook . [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . What is the best treatment for groupthink? In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? >> /CS /DeviceRGB /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) Heuristics are one way that we save resources. 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /F1 21 0 R What causes deindividuation? People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /Contents 43 0 R Explain the significance of 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R What is culture? /S /Transparency System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /Count 13 << [>>>] Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. >> heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. Stolz . >> People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. /F1 21 0 R instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one /Tabs /S endobj Add to folder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /ExtGState << Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. /F1 21 0 R [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. >> >> Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] endobj q*15Q[7t. %PDF-1.4 As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. What is social comparison theory? Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. /Font << On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. Under what conditions are people most likely to help? In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. 4 0 obj What factors affect obedience? /Worksheet /Part 3 0 obj 25 0 obj One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. What are the major forms of household income? -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. /Contents 40 0 R ]"&4v providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? /StructParents 1 If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did What is social contagion? The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. /MarkInfo << << [15][pageneeded]. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Which is viewed as more homogeneous? However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. /ExtGState << -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) /Resources << Introducing Cram Folders! /Resources << Keith Stanovich . /Parent 2 0 R /F3 23 0 R [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. 7 0 obj What does WEIRD refer to? -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. What is the difference between them? A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. What is social loafing? -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". /Annots [51 0 R] -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. /Name /F2 /Type /Group 2 0 obj<>stream The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . Describe his findings. come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. >> /LastChar 32 Pennycook . When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. /Author (Fiske) /F3 23 0 R /Group << The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. endobj Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. >> [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. What is in-group bias? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> Explain Naive Scientist: NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world . /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 /GS7 27 0 R /Tabs /S 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. /FontDescriptor 363 0 R How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? /GS7 27 0 R /Contents 45 0 R Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. >> /Parent 2 0 R [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. /BM /Normal In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) /Group << Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] /ParentTreeNextKey 13 -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. endobj [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /Macrosheet /Part /Type /Group [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. /Parent 2 0 R Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? The cognitive miser . Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. /CS /DeviceRGB Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? >> /FirstChar 32 /StructParents 9 [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. /F6 26 0 R {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ /GS7 27 0 R Versailles Co., a womens clothing store, purchased $18,000\$18,000$18,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms FOB destination, 2/102/102/10, n/30\text{n}/30n/30. others. /F1 21 0 R Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. 260 0 R 261 0 R] Sandrine . April 2013 . How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? /Group << 2 . Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. /Chart /Sect What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). /F4 24 0 R What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? /F2 22 0 R On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. /S /Transparency /Contents 41 0 R -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. -Cognitive component: stereotypes /ExtGState << /StructParents 8 22 0 obj >> What kinds of reasoning errors occur when the observer doesn't have enough information? /Tabs /S >> /ExtGState << The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. endobj /Font << central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? -Obedience: submission to authority Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. >> Discuss the validity of each statement. What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? -Differs: during socialrejection/inclusion, IMPRESSION: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something orsomeone, especially one formed without conscious thought or onthe basis of little evidence, PERSON PERCEPTION: the process through which people observeother people, interpret information about them, draw inferencesabout them, & develop mental representations of them, provides the basis for the way we think, feel, and behavetowards others, physical characteristics (e.g.
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